Which period is characterized by a transition from manual to machine-based manufacturing and urbanization in Europe, especially England between 1750 and 1850?

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This question tests recognizing a period defined by a shift from handcraft and small workshops to machine-powered, factory-based production, along with rapid urbanization in Europe, especially England, around the late 18th to mid-19th century. This transformation—driven by steam power, new machinery, and innovations in industries like textiles and iron—produced mass production, new transportation networks, and profound social changes. That combination of technical change and urban growth is what the term Industrial Revolution captures most precisely. The Renaissance happened earlier and focused on arts and learning; the Enlightenment was an intellectual movement centered on reason and science rather than industrial change; a broad "Industrial Era" is less specific about the distinctive late-18th to 19th‑century shift to mechanized manufacture and urban society.